Tobacco Documents Online

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ADDENDUM It iS suggested that we discuss, briefly, two points whilst we are together at the Research Conference. I, Attached is a copy of a recent article in the I.C.P.S. Bulletin. To counter this and similar publications, it is proposed that we try to get published, e.g. as a note in "Nature", something a]ong the lines of the enclosed memo by Chris Proctor. 2. You will recall the review by ESan Massoy on Vitamin A. He drew attention to the possible benefits from the industry being seen to be taking part in a Vitamin A health education programme in the less-developed areas of the world. ObvimJS questions are: should we? and how? Possible steps include INFOTAB involvement, and/or publication of a de-natured version of Elan Massey's review. C.I. AYRES

SINCE th, o* o I In hieh b the h~'ahh and shortens th~ lives of cigarette smokers has h00 s des%re m' smoke beyond ~.ii doubt, r~- searche~ have Iurned Iheir exacerbated by a :,reeky Su~feres ~om c*hstruclive lung dis.'ase (chronic brn.- chiI~s and emphyscmc), more frequently the eyes trueaflergytotohacco~moke ; anginaofeffortordisea~eof conflrmedby:obse~,atlonof appeaTs to be rare, asthraatc$ .~The eg artcrcs find lhc~; iner©ased blinking rate), often find their wheeze exercise Ioieraace subs~antl- aIiy reduced by exposure to q~2he low ¢onccntradon$ of Ioba¢co smoke. Several st L, dles have shown Ihat children from houscholdu where parents s~nokc suffer from rcspiralory in{eclions more oft_-n (h~ a children from non-smoking homes. There have ~1~o been four studies in wnich the health of ~on-smokJng wives of hus- bands who smoke have been followed up [or long p~riods. -:Two give convicting r'.2,ult~ but in valve ~umbcrs t~o s~L[ to produc~ convtncin~ data; of Ihe othe~ one in Japan f~und their inciccnce of lung cancer In be over dotlb[c ~hat in wives OF non-smoking -" husbands. As only ]$ 9c: cent of" ./3panes~ wom~n smoke h seems that more women are killed by pas~iv¢ e~posure than by smoking themselves! in Ihe USA. ~holved a small i~¢rease in lung cancer m pa~;ive smoker wives which d~d not, howeveG reach a statistically i~gni~ieanl level. Aparl from causing annoy- ance~ irtilatlon and eye sym- ptoms in a majoriIy Of non- ~mokcs, "current ¢vldcnce points to an increased incldcnc~ of respiratory d~sense in very ynu.~ c]'ild- rcn; an Jnc~'cascd ~sk of smaLL airway diseas~ in aduhs, and ,*~ ~crcas~d r~SK of lung cancer", re~ulc~ng from prolonged exposure to ~]g~reHe smoke. The Royal College of Phys- icians conc[udc~ that "non. smokers at work and play, in Ira nspnr~ and in public places shonld I h~v~ the ~hl t~- ~hoo~e not lo be so exposed'•. '~ ": "- t: f "- • :: ..... .... =: ..:

A~ ~NNESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHER~/'/N LONDON UNDERGROUND TRAINS It has teen decided by London Transport that in order 'to make the Underground railway cleaner, more comfortable and more attractive to passengers', smoking is to be banned on all Underground trains, This prohibition commenced on July 9th, 1984 and is to have a trial period of one year. We have used measurements of the concentrations of some tobacco smoke components to assess the ambient air in Underground trains before and after the ban. A summary of these values is prepared ~n Table 1. (Detailed results are given in Appendix A and B). Before the total ban on smoking was introduced, smoking compartments contained on average five times the concentration of ~icotine and four times the concentration of airborne particles as compared to non-smoking carriages. However, the concentrations of nicotine (c. 30 #g/m3) and particulates (c. 0.7 mg/m3) found in the smoking areas are similar to those that are likely to be encountered in typical offices and public houses, and are far below recommended industrial limits foc safe exposure (500 pg/m3 for nicotine). Levels of carbon monoxide (c. 3 ppm) were found to be very similar in smoking and non-smoking compartments and at a concentration far below both that which would be experienced when sitting in a car in traffic (c, 6-9 ppm) and the industrial safety limit (50 ppm for 8 hour exposure). A similar set of experiments was performed a month after the e~forcememt of non-smoking. Nicotine concentrations were found to be lower, but a ~.~ comparison of the levels of particulates and carbon monoxide found in non-smoking carriages before and after the ban shows no change,

-2- To conclude, the concentrations of nicotine, airborne particulates and carbon monoxide experienced in compartments where smoking was permitted before the ban were all found to he far below recommended industrial threshold limits. Prohibiting smoking from all carriages had the affect of reducing the levels of nicotine a~d particulates in all parts of the train to those that would have been encountered in non-smoking areas prior to the ban. The carbon monoxide level was seen to be of a similar value whether smoking was permitted or not. Concentrations of TPM and nicotine found on platforms have not noticeably changed. TABLE 1 Typical concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered in the London Underground, Location Nicotine Airborne Carbon concentration Particulates Monoxide ~g/m3 mg/m3 ppm Smoking compartments (before ban) Non-smoking compartments (before ban) Non-smoking compartments (after ban) Platform (both before and after) Ratio of smoking/ ~on-smoking compartments before ban Ratio of non-smoking before ban/non-smoking after ban 32 7 3 c.20 5 2 0.63 0.18 0,18 c.0.30 4 3.5 3 3 c.4 1 1 t,,,#

-3- APPENDIX A Concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered in smoking and non-smoking compartments of London Underground trains prior to prohibition of smoking. Thursday 28th dune~ 1984 Time Type of Compartment 13.00-13.55 NS 14.00-14.55 S 16.00-15.55 NS 17.00-18.00 S Nicotine Concentration Airborne Particulates Carbon Monoxide ~g/m3 mg/m3 ppm 4 0.11 3 26 0.68 3 2 0.13 3 21 0.70 3 Wednesday 4th July~ 1984 Time 08.30-09.00 09.00-09.31 09.30-18,00 SO.O0-1O.30 i0.30-11,00 18,40-19.10 19.10-19.40 19.40-20.10 Type of * Compartment NS NS NS NS S " Nicotine Concentration ~9/m3 32 12 74 2O Airborne Particulates mg/m3 0.19 0.87 0.20 0.88 0.18 0.31 0.24 Carbon Monoxide ppm 36 0.33 * NS, no smoking, S, smoking

-4- Q APPENDIX B Concentrations of tobacco smoke components encountered on platforms and in the compartments of London Underground trains after the prohibition of smoking in all carriages. Wednesday ist August~ 1984 Time Location Nicotine Concentration ~g/m3 i0.25-i0,55 Embankment 26 platform 10.55-12.00 Circle Line I :ompartment 12.30-13,30 Embankmen%! platform 13.30-14.30 14.30-15.30 5.30-16.30 2 2 23 Airborne Particulates mg/m3 0.30 0.19 0.17 Carbon Monoxide ppm 4 3 0.20 3 0.25 3 0.36 4 Tuesday 7th August~ 1984 09.30-10.30 platform 10.30-11.30 3ircle Line compartment 11.30-12.30I 12.30-13.30 14.00-15.00 Embankment platform 15.00-16.001Circle Line compartment 16.00-17.00 18 4 3 3 14 3 5 ' 0.27 4 0.17 2 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.17 0.19 4 3 &l 3

( CONTENTS ATTENDEES IResearcb & Marketing) AGENDA © r k_) j3, J4. 5, 6, 7, SUMMARIES OF RECENT TECHNICAL EXCHANGE MEETINGS: - BIOLOGICAL (SOUTHAMPTON - NICOTINE (SOUTHAMPTON) - SMOKING 3EHAVIOU~IMARKETING ~MONTREALI - FLAVOURIST (LOUISVILLE1 - STRUCTURED CREATI ITY (SDUTHAMPTO~) - NEAR INFRA-RED (SOUTHAMPTON. SUMMARIES OF GR~DC ACTIVITIES ON : - SIDESTREAM - PSYCHOLOGY .... PROPOSED REVISIONS TO IROUP R&D PROGRAMME. LISTING OF RECENT TECHNICAL EXCHANGE MEETINGS, AND SUGGESTION~ FOR :UTURE MEETINGS : if .,.~ FORECASTED RESOURCE ALLOCATION AN[ GR&[] BUDGET FOF 19D5 8 GR~DU ORGANI SATION L

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( ( C ( RESEARCH ~BSTRALIA BRAZIL CANADA GERMANY U.S.A. U.K, MARKETING AUSTRALIA BRAZIL CANADA GERMANY U,S,A. U.K, aTTENDEES MR. P.M. DENTON MR. R.G. NICHOLLS . DR, C.J.P, DE SlQUEIRA DR, P.J. DUNN DR, S.R. MASSEY ..... MR. E. RITTERSHAUS DR, F, SEEHOFER MR. E.E. KOHNHORST DR. R,A. SANFORD L.C,F, BLACKMAN DR. C,I. AYRES DR. R. BINNS A.L, BEARD M,J. HARD&ICN MR. A. CHOWN MR. W. ROSE MR. F. ~NDRADB MR. W. KNO~ MR. R. BE~ON MR. W. BEINEMANN MR, E. PARR~CK MR. LM. ~'EATH ~ MR. J.A.B. KELLAGHER MR. P.M. B]NGHA~ ~'~ MR. G.O. BROOKS DR. T, BIRJI ~'~ GO