Product Design
Migration of Nicotine Progress Report I
Abstract
Reports results of CONAP project to enrich reconstituted leaf [RL] with nicotine and study the migration of nicotine from cut tobacco to RL. Lists experimental conditions including: spraying RL with ammonia which was then mixed with cigarette tobacco, use of phosphoric acid and monoammonia phosphate, evaluation of moisture content on nicotine migration, nicotine migration under storage conditions, and elucidating the chemical properties using phosphoric acid treated filter papers. Presents results of nicotine transfer of Kent Gold Light Blend and nicotine transfer properties using various additives. Lists migration of nicotine during aging, leaf analysis of various tobacco grades including 7-74, HL-74, SMEM-75, VLO-75, MX-70, MIIX-70, MIIX-71 and reports leaf pH, %Nicotine, %Nitrogen, % Total Volatile Bases, % Nicotine migration to filter paper and correlates leaf pH, Nicotine, Nitrogen and Total Volatile Bases to nicotine transfer. Recommends further studies to include: quantitation of nicotine migration, migration of nicotine to RL, "migration of nicotine to Cytrel or similar materials", characterizing compounds that co-migrate with nicotine and the migration of nicotine during storage.
User-Contributed Notes
Fields
- Author
- Larson, T.M.
- Recipient
- Ireland, M.S.
- Minnemeyer, Harry J. (Lorillard R&D Dept.; worked on nicotine augmentation project)
- Moring, Tomas B. (Lor, Research Administrator, 1979)
- Thomas, R.L. (LOR Engineer)
Engineer worked with Lorillard- Schultz, Frederick J., Ph.D. (VP of Lorillard, Inc. '89-95)
- Tucker, Charles. L., Jr. (Lor, Product Development Manager, 1979-1983)
- Minnemeyer, Harry J. (Lorillard R&D Dept.; worked on nicotine augmentation project)
- Hypothesis
- Design changes over timeChanges in cigarette design over the past half century.
- Nicotine transport, transfer, and uptake
Design changes which alter nicotine delivery or effect how the product causes and maintains dependence, including transfer of nicotine from tobacco to smoke, and uptake into the body.- Use of additives
Modification of tobacco products through use of additives and measuring effects on dependence, behavior, and toxicity. - Nicotine transport, transfer, and uptake
- Keyword
- Acidity (Low pH)
- Alkalinity (High pH, Basic)
- Nicotine delivery (Smoke nicotine or nicotine yield)
- Nicotine manipulation
- Alkalinity (High pH, Basic)
- Additive
- Acetic acid
- Ammonia
see also: Ammonium bicarbonate, Ammonium carbonate, Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium sulfide, Diammonium phosphate, and Urea- ammonia sulfate
- Citric acid
- Diammonium phosphate
- Hydrochloric acid
- Lactic acid (Lactic Acid and dl-Lactic Acid)
- Malic acid
- monoammoniaphosphate
- nitric acid
- Phosphoric acid
- Sulfuric acid
- Tartaric acid
- Ammonia
- Smoke Constituent
- Nicotine
- Design Component
- Ammoniated blend
- Leaf pH
- Nicotine content (Tobacco nicotine content)
Total nicotine in the unburnt tobacco rod- Nicotine transfer efficiency (NTE)
- Reconstituted leaf (RL)
PM @reconstituted_tobacco, c. 1970s-1980s - Leaf pH
- Operation/Project
- CONAP (Project N-187) (Continuation of Nicotine Augmentation Project)Continuation of nicotine augmentation project
- Named Organization
- Lorillard Research Center
- Brand
- Golden Lights
- Subject
- acids (additives)
- additives
- Ammonia (Additives)
- nicotine technology
- pH Manipulation (Technology)
- Reconstituted Tobacco (Design)
- Tobacco Type (Design)
- additives
Document Images
Accession number 1125
Larc ffard Research Cenger
Gracn: fxmrm
MIGRATION OF NICOTINE
PROGRESS REPORT I
Submitted by: T. M. Larson
Report number: B-1.92
Surnmary or Abstract:
Date: 1/9/78
Nicotine migrated~to acid or salt treated filter
papers which were exposed to tobacco at room temperature
or under heat. Severa:l acids and salts were capable
of facilitating the migration. The nicotine content
appeared to be the most important variable of the
tobacco related to the degree of nicotine migration
at elevated temperatures. For nicotine migration (at
elevated temperatures) to take place, it was shown
that the tobacco had to be in contact with the sub-
stance to which the nicotine migrated.
/lmh
Xc: Dr. F. J. Schultz
Dr. H. J. Minnemever
Mr. C. L. Tucker
Mr. T. B. Moring:
Ms. M. S. Ireland
Mr. R. L. Thomas
Library
INTRODUCTION
It is thought that one approach to solving the
problems associated with the CONAP project is to enrich
the RL with nicotine. The discovery by T. B. Moring
of the migration of nicotine from cut tobacco to RL
during storage suggested'a unique method of enriching
RL. With this in mind, a study of the migration of
nicotine was undertaken.
EXPERIMENTAL
It is known'that our production RL when blended
with cut tobacco, does not pick up nicotine. However,
when RL made from the same by-products plus ammonia and
phosphoric acid is blended with tobacco, the nicotine
content rises significantly. The initial experiments
were conducted to determine the effect of ammonia and
phosphoric acid on nicotine migration.
The first experiment was one in which.production
RL was sprayed with an ammonia solution, mixed with
cigarette tobacco, cut, and then heated (or dried) for
varying lengths of time. The results of this experi-
ment showed that ammonia had no positive effect on
nicotine migration. No significant increase in nicotine
content of the treated RL was found. The same experi-
ment was conducted with RL treated with phosphoric acid.
At the Danville plant, ten pounds of diammonium phosphate
was added to 125 gallons of RL slurry, which was then
made into RL. This RL was made into a cigarette blend
and stored'for 2 weeks. At the end of two weeks the
nicotine content of the RL had increased from 0.65% to
1.05%.
To eliminate many unknown variables inherent in
RL, and to "standardize" the experiments, further work
was done using filter paper as a substitute for RL.
Filter papers were treated with various compounds, usually
by dipping in a solution then air drying, then torn in
pieces about 1 1/2"' square, and layered'in cut tobacco
in moisture tins. The moisture tins were then closed~
and placed in a 95°C oven for from one to two hours.
After removal from the oven the paper was separated from
the tobacco, shredded and sent to the leaf lab for
nicotine analysis.
The first experiment done with filter paper showed
significant nicotine migration.to the filter paper. The
`
- 2
paper was treated with~'a 3% solution of monoammonium~
phosphate and heated with tobacco as previously described
for one and one-half hours. Analysis showed the paper
to contain 2.5% nicotine by weight. The experiment was
repeated using a paper treated with a 5% phosphoric acid
solution and heating time was 2.hours. The paper con-
tained 5:4°s nicotine.
To check the mass balance of'nicotine migration
equal amounts of monoammonium phosphate treated paper
and Kent Golden Light tobacco were heated together for
one hour. .Results of nicotine analyses-on the paper
and tobacco before and after exposure indicated that
no nicotine was lost overall. (See Table 1)
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect
of moisture on nicotine migration and also to test
various compounds for their effectiveness in nicotine
migration. Filter papers were dipped in 5% solutions
of the compounds listed in Table 2.and allowed to air
dry. ':The treated papers were then mixed or layered
within L-2 tobacco (analysis given in Table 2) at 18%
and 8% moisture. The tobacco to paper ratio was four
to one by weight. The mixtures were heated at 95°C for
2 hours. The resulting nicotine concentrations of the
papers are given with the corresponding compounds and
moisture levels in Table 2.
Data in Table 2 show that the non-volatile acids,
and the compounds which decompose under heat to yield
non-volatile acids facilitate the migration of nicotine.
It also appears that under the conditions of this experi-
ment, the 8'$ moisture level,was more favorable for nico-
tine migration than the 18% level.
In cases where nicotine migrated significantly,
(Table 2) it should be noted that the pHvalues for
papers treated with the effective acids were approximately
2.5 or less. The pH of the filter papers were determined'
as if the papers were tobacco leaf.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate nicotine
migration under simulated~storage conditions. Filter
paper treated with a 5% diammonium phosphate solution
was shredded and mixed with cut L-2 tobacco then sealed
in glass jars. After one week, and each week thereafter,
a jar was opened and the filter paper was removed and
analyzed for nicotine. The results of this experiment
indicated that the nicotine migration was essentially
complete after three weeks.(See Table 3).
To determine if the tobacco hadto be in contact
with the material to which the nicotine transferred,
the following experiment was conducted. High nicotine
L-2 tobacco was placed in a moisture tin along with
filter paper which had been treated with a 3% mono-
ammonium phosphate solution. The tobacco was separated
about one-fourth inch~from the filter paper by means of
a copper screen. After heating for two hours at 95°C,
the paper was removed'and analyzed for nicotine. The
paper contained 0.95% nicotine, an amount that compared
favorably with data previously collected, but not reported
here. However, the amount was not considered significantly
high,'especially when compared to the "control papers"
listed in Table 2. The experiment was repeated, using
paper dipped in 5% phosphoric acid, a compound.proven
to facilitate nicotine transfer. After two hours of
heating at 95°C the moisture tin and contents were
allowed to-sit at room temperature for four days. The
result of the nicotine analysis on the paper after the
four day period showed the paper to contain 0.40% nico-
tine. An additional experiment confirmed this result,
indicating that contact between paper and tobacco was
essential for significant migration of nicotine. The
migration:may have been a result of nicotine vapors
condensing on the acid treated paper, but unless the
tobacco was in contact or "very close" to the paper,
insignificant amounts of nicotine were transferred!.
An attempt was made to correlate various chemical
properties of tobacco with the amount of nicotine trans-
ferred from the tobacco to phosphoric acid treated paper.
Filter papers, having been dipped in 5% phosphoric acid
and allowed to dry, were exposed to seven different
tobaccos for two hours at 95°C. The seven tobaccos
were analyzed by the leaf lab for nitragen (NIT), nico-
tine (NIC), and total volatile bases (TVB). Leaf pH
was also obtained~. Table 4 summarizes the data obtained.
These data, along with the percent nicotine found on
the treated filter paper, were fed into the computer
using the multiple linear regression program. A copy
of the correlation matrix for this multiple linear
regression is given in Figure 1. It appears, from the
limited number of samples tested!in this manner, that
the most important factor in nicotine migration is the
amount of nicotine present on the tobacco. (This corre-
lation may not be valid'foz nicotine migration at room
temperature)
SUMMARY
To date, a number of compounds have been found
which will facilitate the migration of nicotine. It
appears that under conditions of elevated temperature,
ammonia does not play an important role in the migration
of nicotine. Under simulated storage conditions nico-
tine migration was maximized' after three weeks. Also
it appears that contact between tobacco and substance
to which nicotine.migrates is essential for migration..
When using phosphoric acid treated filter paper as the
substance to which nicotine migrated, the extent of
migration was directly proportional to the nicotine
content of the tobacco.
FURTHER WORK
Work will be in progress one or more of the following
areas.
1. Quantitation of nicotine migration.
2. Migration of nicotineto reconstituted leaf.
3. Migration of nicotine to Cytrel~ or similar
material.
A. Isolation and identification of other compounds
which~may migrate with~ nicotine.
5. Migration!of nicotine under storage conditions.
TABLE 1. Mass Balance for Nicotine Migration
Sample % nicotine % nicotine
transferred
Kent Golden Light Blend 2.1% j
Kent Golden Light after
exposure 1.3% -38%
Paper exposed to KGL 0.75% +36% '
Paper exposed to KGL 0.65% +31%
TABLE 2. Nicotine Transfer Properties of Various Compounds
Compound .$ nic. on paper % nic. on paper
transferred transferred
at 8% moisture at 18% moisture
Tartaric Acid 4.92 4.48 .
Citric Acid 5.45 4.90
Sulfuric Acid 4
88
- ~ _ .
Phosphoric Acid 6.,17 6.40
Hydrochloric Acid 0.85 1.12
Nitric Acid 1.00 1.05
Malic Acid 5.49 4.72
Acetic Acid 0.60 0.76
Lactic Acid 1.80 1.78
Ammonium Sulfate 4.35 3.83
Diammonium_Sulfate 4.97 4.17
Control 0.85 1.01
L-2 Tobacco Analysis (Whole Leaf, cut)
Nitrogen 2.65%, TVB 0.680', Nicotine 3.74%, TRS 15.5%,
pfl of leaf 5.6
0
TABLE 3. Migration of Nicotine at Room Temperature
Time % Nicotine on Filter Paper
Start 0.0
1 week 1.46
2 weeks 2.25
3 weeks 2.89
4 weeks 2.45
5 weeks 2.51
7 weeks 2.53
Control ('untreated filter paper) 0.30
TABLE 4. Leaf Analysis of Various Tobaccos (With % Nicotine
Transferred)
Tobacco .(Grade) Leaf pH % NIC. % NIT, % TVB % NIC.
found on paper
7-74 5.5 3.10 4.10 1.03 4.26
HL-74 5.'6 2.75 4.32 0.97 4.18
SMEX-75 5.2 3.17 2.65 0.50 4.80
VLO-75 5.3 2.13 2.61 0.42 2.63
MX-70 6.6 0.86 2.08 0.24 2.05
MIIX-70 6.1 1.35 3.15 0.61 1.85
MIIX-71 5.6 1.12 2:63 0.44 1.86
FIGURE l. CorrelationMatrix
Nicotine
Transferred Leaf pH Nic. Nit. TVB's
Leaf pH - 0.56 - -0.74 -0.31 =0.35
Nicotine 0.94 -0.74 - 0.61 0.68
Nitrogen 0.72 -=0.31 0.61 - 0.98
TVB's. 0.76 -0.35 0.68 0.98 -
